1. Oscar Pistorius : a South African athlete born in Pretoria (South Africa) 22/11/86. It was Paralympic champion in the 200 meter dash in 2004 and 2008 on 100, 200 and 400 meter dash. Pistorius was born with a serious malformation of the legs (both absent fibulae and feet severely malformed) and this has forced the amputation of his legs at the age of 11 months. With a particular graft prosthesis made of carbon fiber was able to practice rugby and water polo during adolescence, then an accident brought him to athletics, initially, for reasons of rehabilitation, but then as a real passion.
During his sporting career as a sprinter took part in the Paralympics in Athens in 2004 and those that were held in Beijing during the summer of 2008.
The main achievements of Oscar Pistorius in international competition are shown in the table below:
Awards Bronze 2004 Athens Paralympics
,
100m Gold Athens 2004
200m Gold Beijing 2 008, 100
Oro Beijing 2008 200m
Oro Beijing 2008 400m
Just before his participation in the Paralympics in Beijing has developed the case before we decided to deal with. Since 2005, the South African athlete expressed the desire to race with able-bodied Olympics in Beijing in 2008 and has submitted an application to the IOC and the IAAF (the Council of the World Federatletica established by the Olympic Committee to resolve disputes of transnational sports). On 13 January 2008 the IAAF rejected this request, stops maintaining that "an athlete who uses these implants has a demonstrable mechanical advantage (more than 30%) when compared with someone who does not use the prosthesis." The reaction of the athlete is the most complete disappointment. fact he said so after the ruling: "In respect of all people with disabilities have the responsibility to hold on. Non possiamo permettere che un'istituzione ci vieti di gareggiare a causa di protesi senza cui non possiamo camminare.
Ora che la Iaaf mi ha escluso dalle manifestazioni, presenterò appello ai massimi livelli».
Questa sentenza, però, non ha impedito a Pistorius di partecipare ai 400 metri con gli atleti normodotati al Golden Gala di atletica che si tiene a Roma ogni anno ed ha ottenuto la seconda posizione.
Parallelamente alla sua partecipazione al Golden Gala, i legali di Pistorius portano avanti la sua causa facendo ricorso al TAS, il Tribunale arbitrario sportivo di Losanna, ed ottengono la sua completa riabilitazione. Nelle motivazioni che hanno portato alla riabilitazione, si legge che "al momento there is no sufficient scientific evidence to prove that Pistorius taking advantage of the use of implants. "Pistorius to be granted, therefore, to participate in the Beijing Olympics with able-bodied athletes as long as she can reach the time that allows you to participate in the event. During the qualifying matches Pistorius misses its target and thus participate in the Paralympics where he won the gold medal in the 100 meters finishing in 11 "18, in the 200 meters, 200 meters (with a time of 21" 67 , reco rd Paralympic) and in the 400 meters (with a time of 47 "49, world record).
Despite its successes, Pistorius was again denied by the IAAF for the Olympics 2012 and said: "I was shocked and saddened.'s Statements are against the IAAF decision of the CAS, 16 May 2008 I was re-admitted to the competitions without conditions. It is a further attempt by the international federation hinder my presence in major international athletics competitions. "
2. IAAF: International Association of Athletics Federations
E 'was founded in Stockholm in 1912 as the International Amateur Athletics Federation. The present name was adopted during the congress in 2001, where members have decided to replace the word amateur with association. The IAAF is based in Monaco since October 1983. Previously, the office was in London.
The aims of the IAAF are available on the official site (www.iaaf.org) and are as follows:
• Establish a fair and friendly cooperation between all members in favor amateur athletics, peace and understanding among States around the world.
• Seek to ensure that racial, religious or political convictions are not allowed in athletics and take all possible measures to stop such discrimination.
• Seek to ensure that there are no obstacles to the participation of any individual state or international events in athletics Light on the grounds of racial, religious or political, and ensure that there are no such obstacles in international meetings for which the IAAF has a right to inspect.
• Establish rules and regulations governing international events for amateur athletics for men and women of all ages. Also, strive to ensure that for all elective positions of the IAAF, including the Council and Committees, there is no discrimination as to race, religion, politics, age and sex.
• Ensure that all competitions between members, including continental championships or games or in groups, take place under the auspices of the laws and rules of the IAAF. • Affiliate
Senior national athletics that can be recognized by their national Olympic Committee, where there is such a committee.
• Decide if required, concerning any dispute may arise between States.
• Work with the Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games in the conduct of competitive athletics and, as the representative of the IOC, supervise and control all technical devices.
• Establish regulations for the achievement of Olympic and world records and all other records of amateur athletics that Congress determines to be recognized.
• To support the worldwide development of athletics and dissemination of information general techniques to its affiliates.
In January this year, the IAAF issued the ruling Pistorius exclusion from the Beijing Olympics following a series of medical tests performed on the athlete by professor Gert-Peter Brueggemann. The study, carried out by experts at the University of Cologne, was satisfied that the carbon fiber prosthesis, which Pistorius runs, "the offer clear mechanical advantages and thus can not participate in competitions that are held under the auspices of the IAAF . The negative decision was questioned and then you get to his overthrow in May from Tas, who argued that the IAAF failed to prove that the biomechanical effects arising the use of special implants to give Pistorius an advantage over athletes not using them.
In recent months, the IAAF general secretary Pierre Weiss, objected to the possible participation of the athlete back to the South African Olympic Games as a member of the 4x400 meters relay. According to Weiss, there are risks to the safety of that Pistorius and other athletes because''there is the risk of someone falling.'' In fact, the IAAF continues to insist on its exclusion from the games and says: "We have a rule that prohibits fund technical aids. We have nothing against disabled people. What we did in 2008 has not been reinstated, but only to clarify that in effects was not mai stato squalificato e che poteva gareggiare. Quello che stiamo facendo ora è accertare se le sue protesi gli diano un vantaggio, in altre parole se lo rendono più veloce che se fosse un atleta normodotato. Credo solo che dovrebbe calmarsi un pochino e rispettarci, anche per il fatto che noi stiamo pagando per questa ricerca e lui no. Lo stiamo facendo anche andando al di là dei nostri obblighi e stiamo provando a essere molto corretti con lui".
3. Le protesi in fibra di carbonio Ossur Cheetah Flex Foot:
Le protesi che utilizza Pistorius per correre sono create dall’azienda isilandese Ossur che si prefigge di fare ortopedia non invadente. The company is a global leader in the development, manufacture, distribution, sales, product support and reinforcement of compression therapy and prosthetics.
Ossur's products represent a complete, modern prosthetics. Manufacturing prosthetic limbs and joints, liners, sockets, locks and sleeves. Its successful products include the Rheo Knee, a foot high performance fiber made from 100% carbon, a material used extensively in the aerospace industry for its strength and flexibility. The Rheo Knee led by Oscar Pistorius and other athletes with disabilities is a derivative of this product line. The Ossur also produces the prosthetic knee total knee, which has a closing time of the key that keeps the knee from collapsing when full extension is that a hydraulic fluid and natural gait and prosthetic silicone liners, providing an interface between the skin and the socket.
The Rheo Knee is the first swing of the knee and the position of the microprocessor in the world to use the power of artificial intelligence. Capable of independent thought, shows how the user walks, recognizing and responding immediately to changes in speed in loading and soil. The knee adapts to any situation and not just within a predetermined and limited, allowing the individual to quickly regain confidence in his ability to walk where and how they choose.
is also available with a threaded top adapter for users with knee disarticulation or long residual limbs.
Performance Benefits of the Rheo Knee:
• Continuous: highly developed artificial intelligence system to provide the knee shows a high degree of autonomy of technology. Continuously recognizes, learns and responds to different walking styles and keeps pace with changes in speed, the load and terrain. • Movement
natural and efficient: the high-precision technology, which controls the movements of the knee, produces a response exceptionally smooth and fast during each phase of the gait cycle. Unlike existing hydraulic systems, this response offers customized levels of resistance (knee flexion) as, and only when, the individual needs. In this way, the walking effort is minimized and the movement is much more natural.
• Improved security: the security measures are provided against multiple issuance of any position, IE the knee is less likely to buckle at crucial moments. The dispersions in the walking path are recognized automatically and support the position immediately to protect you from potential un'inciampata and fall.
• Simple and convenient: the sophisticated technology is easy to use: it provides a direct process of calibration and setup with the minimum of fuss. The system is so efficient and requires only a small battery that lasts up to 48 hours and recharges in only 2:00 to 4:00 hours, at home or on the road.
4. TAS: Court of Arbitration for Sport
The TAS, also known as the Committee of Arbitration for Sport or Arbitration for Sport (CAS), is a sports court in Lausanne, Switzerland. It was launched by the International Olympic Committee with the aim of resolving sports disputes within the order of a transnational international sports arbitration before an independent institution to issue an award comparable to the decision of the court.
In the dispute on Pistorius, the CAS has been called into question in February 2008 and, until April, has continued the hearing to hear the opposing sides. During this period he also conducted a series of medical experiments that led to the rehabilitation of the athlete and his admission to South Africa for able-bodied Olympics, provided it reaches the minimum time required to qualify.
The award of Tas was as follows: "The decision of the IAAF Council of 14 January 2008 is revoked with immediate effect and Oscar Pistorius is eligible for the events of the IAAF. It can use the Ossur Cheetah Flex-Foot prosthesis, the same used in the tests required by the IAAF and exhibited at the CAS hearing. The committee of the CAS ruled that the IAAF failed to prove wrongdoing by Pistorius rule 114.2 (e). Based on the evidence placed by experts in both parties, the Board did not believe there was sufficient evidence of any metabolic advantage of a person with two amputations using the Cheetah Flex-Foot. Furthermore, the Board of Tas considered that the IAAF failed to prove that the biomechanical effects of using special implants to give Pistorius an advantage over athletes not using them. The Committee Tas said that the implementation of its decision on only Oscar Pistorius and only use that type of prosthesis. The Committee does not exclude the possibility that in future, with new scientific knowledge, the IAAF will be able to demonstrate that the Cheetah Flex-Foot prosthetics give Pistorius an advantage over other athletes. "
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